3D printed arrowroot starch-gellan scaffolds for wound healing applications.

Skin, the largest organ in the body, blocks the entry of environmental pollutants into the system. Any injury to this organ allows infections and other harmful substances into the body. 3D bioprinting, a state-of-the-art technique, is suitable for fabricating cell culture scaffolds to heal chronic wounds rapidly. This study uses starch extracted from Maranta arundinacea (Arrowroot plant) (AS) and gellan gum (GG) to develop a bioink for 3D printing a scaffold capable of hosting animal cells. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) prove that the isolated AS is analogous to commercial starch. The cell culture scaffolds developed are superior to the existing monolayer culture. Infrared microscopy shows the AS-GG interaction and elucidates the mechanism of hydrogel formation. The physicochemical properties of the 3D-printed scaffold are analyzed to check the cell adhesion and growth; SEM images have confirmed that the AS-GG printed scaffold can support cell growth and proliferation, and the MTT assay shows good cell viability. Cell behavioral and migration studies reveal that cells are healthy. Since the scaffold is biocompatible, it can be 3D printed to any shape and structure and will biodegrade in the requisite time.

Multipurpose arrowroot starch films with anthocyanin-rich grape pomace extract: Color migration for food simulants and monitoring the freshness of fish meat.

Extraction of anthocyanins from grape pomace, is a way of valuing these abundant by-products with low added value. Its integration into films may allow it to be used in bioactive packaging, which creates new color and solubility properties for food and smart food packaging which tracks the freshness of fish. Films of arrowroot starch added with different concentrations of grape pomace extract (GPE) were flexible to handle, reddish and presented a high content of anthocyanins. The water vapor permeability increased by 17 %, while the tensile strength of arrowroot starch film decreased by 79 % with the addition of 40 % GPE. The addition of GPE increased the solubility of the starch film in aqueous and lipid food simulants by 121 and 119 %. The GPE pigment preferentially migrated to the aqueous simulant due to the hydrophilic nature of anthocyanins and starch. The GPE film showed distinguishable color changes in different pH buffer solutions from pink at pH 2 to light blue at pH 7 and slightly yellowish green at pH 10. When the composite films were monitored for fish meat freshness, the change in color of the film from reddish pink to slightly green after 96 h of storage at 25 °C was evident.

Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Nutra-pharmaceutical Potentials of Indian Arrowroot (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb).

Indian Arrowroot (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb) belonging to the Zingiberaceae family is widely distributed in India and some parts of Nepal, Thailand, Bangladesh and Pakistan. It is traditionally used as medicine for treating various diseases and also used as food. Few data are available about its application in pharmacology and therapeutics. Literature search for related contents, keywords such as "Curcuma angustifolia Roxb", "traditional food", "ethnomedicine", "pharmacology", "phytochemicals", "pharmacological activities" were used in search engines including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Semantic Scholar. Secondary metabolites found in Indian Arrowroot include essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phytosterols, terpenes, phenols, and others. Pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-ulcerogenic, hepatoprotective, and anti-cancerous activities have been shown by Indian Arrowroot (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb). The presence of nutritional value and pharmaceutical potential gained demand in the various food production industries and pharmacology research. It may play a vital role in future studies of Curcuma angustifolia Roxb as ethnomedicine and further exploitation in pharmacological studies.

Bio-nanocomposite edible coatings based on arrowroot starch/cellulose nanocrystals/carnauba wax nanoemulsion containing essential oils to preserve quality and improve shelf life of strawberry.

This study investigated the effects of bio-nanocomposite coatings developed using arrowroot starch (AA), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), carnauba wax nanoemulsion (CWN), and Cymbopogon martinii and Mentha spicata essential oils (CEO and MEO, respectively) on the physicochemical, microbiological, bioactive, antioxidant, and aromatic characteristics of strawberries cv. 'Oso Grande' in refrigerated storage for 12 days. The coatings improved the shelf life and stability of strawberries, minimizing their weight loss (2.6-3.9 %), as well as changes in color and texture (except for those coated with CEO), titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid content, and antioxidant activity compared with uncoated control strawberries. The bio-nanocomposite coatings containing MEO and CEO also exhibited antimicrobial activity, reduced visible fungal deterioration (40-60 %), and reduced microbial load (3.59-4.03 log CFU g-1 for mesophilic aerobic bacteria and 4.45-5.22 log CFU g-1 for fungi and yeast) during storage. They also significantly reduced the severity of decay caused by inoculation with Botrytis cinerea or Rhizopus stolonifer. The coatings altered the volatile profile of the fruits during storage, decreasing aldehyde and alcohol concentrations and increasing ester concentrations. Thus, these bio-nanocomposite coatings, especially those containing MEO, can be used as antimicrobial coating materials to preserve the post-harvest quality of fresh strawberries.

Development and Characterization of Powdered Antioxidant Compounds Made from Shiraz (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Peels and Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.).

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a plant containing many phenolic compounds, mostly distributed in the peel, pulp, and seeds. This study evaluates the centesimal composition and bioactive compounds in Shiraz grape (Vitis vinifera) peels using spectrophotometric and UHPLC techniques and develops different formulations of compound powders from the peels and arrowroot using conventional drying technology. The results demonstrate that Shiraz grape skin contains significant amounts of insoluble fiber (15.3%), phenolics (157.09 ± 6.96-149.11 ± 9.27 mg GAE g-1), and flavonoids (0.75 ± 0.50-2.00 ± 0.50 mg QE g-1), with excellent antioxidant capacity observed in the alcoholic extracts. The phenolic content in the developed powdered compounds ranged from 128.32 to 139.70 mg GAE g-1. In general, the compounds showed good antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 0.17 to 0.19 µg mL-1). According to the chromatographic evaluation, it was possible to quantify gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin, the latter of which was found in the largest quantities in the six formulations. The EV5 formulation was the most efficient in terms of phenolic compounds and protein amounts. This formulation's composition and low cost could make it viable for use in the food industry.

Development of halochromic indicator film based on arrowroot starch/iota-carrageenan using Kyoho skin extract to monitor shrimp freshness.

Increasing trends in food safety awareness drive consumer demands for fresher healthier diets and has led to the development of low-cost pH-sensitive indicator films to evaluate deterioration levels in fresh foods. Arrowroot starch/iota-carrageenan-based films were combined with 10, 30, 50% Kyoho skin extract (KSE) to produce indicator films with halochromic abilities. The KSE indicator films were characterized based on their physico-mechanical, functional, and crystallinity properties; thermal stability; and their pH-dependent color changes in in situ anthocyanin-based monitoring of shrimp freshness. All KSE indicator films displayed compact structure under scanning electron microscope analysis and increased tensile strength, exhibited UV-vis barrier ability, and presented low water wettability. Moreover, FTIR signaled strong hydrogen bond interactions among polymers and KSE that strengthened peak crystallinity in XRD analysis and lowered weight loss at melting temperature, which indicated thermal stability of the indicator films. Furthermore, pH-sensitivity of the indicator films integrated with natural KSE anthocyanin demonstrated color changes from purple to red under acidic conditions, purple to green in an ammonium environment, and yellow appeared in high alkaline conditions. Finally, this study demonstrated the food packaging and halochromic capacity of biopolymer-based pH-sensitivity of the KSE indicator films in real-time monitoring of shrimp at room storage temperatures.

Thermal, flammability, and antimicrobial properties of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) fiber reinforced arrowroot starch biopolymer composites for food packaging applications.

Using the solution casting method, a novel biodegradable thermoplastic arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) starch (TPAS) films containing arrowroot fiber (AF) at different concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt%) were developed and characterized in terms of thermal, antibacterial activity, water vapor permeability (WVP), biodegradability, and light transmittance properties. The TPAS/AF-10 biocomposite film revealed a higher degradation temperature (313.02 °C) than other biocomposite films, indicating better thermal stability. Furthermore, increasing AF concentration led to a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the linear burning rate and WVP of the biocomposite films from 248.9 to 115.2 mm/min and 8.18 × 10-10 ×g. s-1.m-1. Pa-1 to 5.20 × 10-10 ×g. s-1.m-1. Pa-1, respectively. The addition of fibers in the surface structure had a significant impact on remarkable drop in opacity (91.1 to 74.1%). In addition, the incorporation of AF and control film showed an insignificant effect against three pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Bacillus subtilis (B29). The soil burial findings demonstrated that the weight loss of TPAS/AF biocomposite films was significantly higher than TPAS film. Overall, the reinforcement of arrowroot fiber with TPAS film improved the properties of biocomposites for environmentally friendly food packaging applications.

Removal of ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, and phosphate from aqueous solution using biochar derived from Thalia dealbata Fraser: effect of carbonization temperature.

Thalia dealbata Fraser-derived biochar was prepared at different carbonization temperatures to remove nutrients in aqueous solution. Thermogravimetry/differential thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) was used to analyze the carbonization and decomposition procedure of Thalia dealbata Fraser. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms were employed to characterize the prepared biochar. The carbonization temperature obviously effected the physical and chemical properties of biochar. The adsorption efficiency of ammonia (NH4+-N), nitrate (NO3--N), and phosphate (PO43-) adsorption on biochar was tested. Pseudo-first-order kinetic, pseudo-second-order kinetic, and intra-particle diffusion kinetic models were used to fit adsorption kinetic. Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to fit adsorption isotherms. The theoretical adsorption capacity of NH4+-N, NO3--N, and PO43- on biochar was 5.8 mg/g, 3.8 mg/g, and 1.3 mg/g, respectively. This study provides the insights for effect of carbonization temperature on biochar preparation and application.

Chemopreventive Effect of Dietary Maranta arundinacea L. Against DMBA-Induced Mammary Cancer in Sprague Dawley Rats Through the Regulation of Autophagy Expression.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer prevention still needs to be improved. Calorie restriction is thought to prevent breast cancer through the induction of autophagy. Maranta arundinacea L. (MA) has the potential for calorie restriction because it contains high fiber. This research aimed to observe the effect of dietary MA against dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary cancer in Sprague Dawley rats related to autophagy. METHODS: Twenty-five Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1) control group without DMBA-induced with a standard diet, 2) 20 mg/kg BW of DMBA two times a week for five weeks with a standard diet, 3) DMBA and diet modification with 30% of MA, 4) DMBA and diet modification with 45% of MA, and 5) DMBA and diet modification with 60% of MA. Examination of the nodule was conducted once every week for 22 weeks. Breast tissue/tumor examination underwent histology examination with hematoxylin-eosin. Examinations of immunohistochemical staining against Beclin1, LC3B, and SQSTM1 were conducted to reveal autophagy. The difference of autophagy protein expression was analyzed using One way ANOVA with 95% confidence level and significance set as p<0.05. RESULTS: Cancer was detected in four rats of DMBA standard diet, two rats of 30% MA, one rat of 45% MA. No cancer was detected in the rats of control and rats with 60% of MA group. The Beclin1 expressions showed that the 60% of MA group had the highest score (2.5±0.52) followed by the 45% of MA group (1.87±0.49), control group (1.77±0.11), 30% of MA group (1.28±0.75), and DMBA with standard diet had the lowest score (1.28±0.91). The difference of Beclin1 expressions was statistically significant (p-value=0.03). However, the difference of the LC3B expressions (p-value=0.11) and SQSTM1 expressions (p-value=0.225) were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Dietary modifications with MA potentially prevent breast cancer and induce initiation of autophagy.

Characterization of a natural biodegradable edible film obtained from arrowroot starch and iota-carrageenan and application in food packaging.

Future food packaging trends are shifting to natural and eco-friendly materials developed from biopolymers such as starch and other hydrocolloids, to reduce pollution from synthetic polymers. Arrowroot starch (AS) (3.5, 3, 2.5, and 2%) and iota-carrageenan (IC) (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) were blended to develop biodegradable edible films (AS/IC-BEF), which were compared against AS-BEF (4%, control). All films were characterized based on their physico-mechanical and barrier properties, functional group properties, crystallinity properties, thermal properties, and soil and seawater biodegradation. AS-BEF exhibited smooth surface, high transparency, and completed composting soil biodegradation in 7 days whereas AS/IC-BEF samples exhibited higher tensile strength, water solubility, swelling properties, and barrier properties, but completed biodegradation after 30 days. XRD analysis indicated IC fractions contributed to increase in degree of crystallinity (28.35°) and FTIR signaled strong hydrogen bond interactions between polymers. AS/IC-BEF samples demonstrated melting temperatures between 158 and 190 °C while glass transition temperatures ranged from 153 to 176 °C, which resulted in maximum weight loss around 50-55% at melting temperatures. Finally, AS/IC-BEF samples successfully inhibited weight loss of cherry tomatoes at room temperature and extended their shelf life to 10 days, which indicated that the AS/IC composite material produced a BEF with potential food and industrial applications.

Preparation and properties of phosphate starches from tuberous roots.

The diversification of raw materials in the starch industries is a current strategy. However, the production of native starches does not meet market demand, and it is essential to expand the knowledge about chemical modifications in the same production line for different sources of starch. Phosphate starches are one of the most abundantly produced and widely used chemically modified starches. However, the effects of this modification may vary with the starch source and the reaction conditions. In this study, arrowroot, cassava and sweet potato starches were modified with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP)/sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) mixture under same conditions. The reaction time ranged from 7.5 to 120 min. Unmodified and modified starches were analyzed for phosphorus, amylose, morphology, X-ray diffraction pattern, crystallinity, swelling power, solubility, pasting and thermal properties. Phosphorus content linked to the starches increased with the reaction time, which affected the physicochemical properties of the three starches. The changes were more significant in all reaction times for cassava starch, followed by arrowroot. Due to its intrinsic characteristics, longer reaction times were necessary for more significant changes in sweet potato starch. Regardless of the starch source, as the reaction time increased, the average starch granule diameter, swelling power, solubility and peak viscosity increased. There was a decrease in setback in the longer reaction times for cassava and arrowroot starches. The changes in the reaction times allowed obtaining phosphate tuberous starches with different properties which can meet the demands of the food and non-food industries.

Dielectric barrier atmospheric cold plasma applied to the modification of Ariá (Goeppertia allouia) starch: Effect of plasma generation voltage.

The goal of this paper was to evaluate the influence of a range of plasma generation voltages on the physicochemical, structural, and technological properties of Aria (Goeppertia allouia) starch. Untreated (0 kV) and high voltages of cold plasma generation (7, 10, 14, and 20 kV) treated samples were evaluated according to their amylose content, pH, groups carbonyl/carboxyl, molecular size distribution, structure and technological properties (empirical viscosity, hydration properties, thermal analysis and gel strength). The applied voltage of 14 kV resulted in the greatest depolymerization of the starch chains, while 20 kV allowed the formation of oxidized complexes, promoting crosslinking of the starches chain. The cold plasma technique did not affect the levels of resistant starches, but increased the starch digestibility. The increased carbonyl and carboxyl groups also influenced the paste viscosity, improved hydration properties. This study suggests that the cold plasma technique can be useful in the controlled modification of starches, producing starches with different technological properties.

Diet of Grauer's Gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) in a Low-Elevation Forest.

Although the vast majority of critically endangered Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) inhabit low-elevation rain forests, current insights into this ape's life history and ecology stem predominantly from 2 small populations ranging in highland habitats. Here, we provide an initial and non-exhaustive overview of food items of Grauer's gorillas in the Nkuba Conservation Area (NCA), a lower-elevation (500-1,500 m) forest located between Kahuzi-Biega National Park and Maiko National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Community-based conservation efforts at the NCA aim to protect a population of unhabituated Grauer's gorillas, which we have studied since 2014. Between 2014 and 2020, we simultaneously tracked 1-3 gorilla groups and recorded a total of 10,514 feeding signs on at least 100 plant species, ants, termites, and fungi. Vegetative plant parts (plant stems, leaves, pith, bark, and roots), especially of Marantaceae and Fabaceae, made up close to 90% of recorded feeding signs, with fruit accounting for most of the remainder and a small (<1%) number of feeding signs on invertebrates and fungi. We found that the most frequently recorded food items were consumed year-round, though fruit intake seems to peak in the September-December wet season, possibly reflecting patterns in fruit phenology. The diet of Grauer's gorillas in the NCA differed from that of Grauer's gorillas in highland habitat and instead showed similarities with Grauer's gorillas at the lowland forest of Itebero and with western lowland gorillas (G. gorilla), which live under ecologically comparable conditions.

Development of membranes based on carboxymethyl cellulose/acetylated arrowroot starch containing bromelain extract carried on nanoparticles and liposomes.

Polymeric membranes have been used in several applications, including their use as curatives in cutaneous wounds. Bromelain has long been used for anti-inflammatory purposes, so the objective of this work was to produce carboxymethylcellulose-acetylated blends, incorporate bromelain, characterize the systems, compare the blends with bromelain loaded in nanoparticles and liposomes and, finally, to evaluate their healing potential. Four membrane formulations were produced by solvent evaporation: the control, membranes containing free bromelain, bromelain-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) and bromelain-loaded liposomes (LIPs). The enzyme concentration was the same for all formulations. Transparent, flexible and intact films were obtained. The membranes containing free bromelain, bromelain-loaded NPs and bromelain-loaded LIPs had higher water content, lower water vapor permeability and maximum tensile strength, and greater elongation at rupture. The capacity to absorb simulated exudate was higher in samples containing free bromelain, and bioadhesion was reduced in the presence of free bromelain compared to the control. An in vivo assay was performed to verify the membranes' healing potential. Histological analysis revealed no edema on the 14th day in animals treated with membranes containing bromelain-loaded NPs and LIPs.

Ariá (Goeppertia allouia) Brazilian Amazon tuber as a non-conventional starch source for foods.

Ariá (Goeppertia allouia) is a tuber from the arrowroot's family widely found in the Brazilian Amazon. The tuber has a flavor similar to corn, besides high retrogradation when cooked, differing from other commercial starches. To enhance its added value, the Ariá starch was extracted to evaluate its potential as a food ingredient. The Ariá starch was compared to the commercially available corn and potato starches regarding their physicochemical, thermal, structural, and rheological properties based on the Duncan's test (p-value <0.05). The Ariá starch presented high amylose content (~38% w/w). Furthermore, the X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed its Type-C crystalline structure. The rheological properties showed that the starch gels presented high hardness and retrogradation as other studied starches. Ariá has great potential as a source of starch with low digestibility, increasing the satiety of food products.

Development of arrowroot flour fermented by kefir grains.

The present study aims to produce arrowroot flour fermented by kefir grains, in addition to assessing the physicochemical, nutritional, and microbiological characteristics. Fermented arrowroot flour was produced at room temperature (approximately 25 to 28 °C). Fermentation was conducted in batch (6 kg of the substrate and 10% of kefir grains were added with homogenization every 3 hr). Samples were evaluated every 12 hr for both fermentation processes (fermentation process 1: 24 hr and fermentation process 2: 48 hr). The flours were evaluated for physicochemical, nutritional, and microbiological qualities, using a completely randomized design, considering only the variation in the duration of both fermentation processes (from 24 to 48 hr). The fermentation process positively modified the physicochemical, nutritional, and microbial characteristics of the flours. An increase in antioxidant activity (IC50 : control flour [CF] = 18.9 ± 0.13; arrowroot kefir flour [24 hr of fermentation; AKF1] = 15.36 ± 0.14; and arrowroot kefir flour [48 hr of fermentation; AKF2] = 13.84 ± 0.15), protein percentage (CF = 3.08 ± 0.12; AKF1 = 4.87 ± 0.33; and AKF2 = 6.00 ± 0.07), and organic acid (lactic, acetic, and propionic acids) production was observed, as well as modification in color (browning), the conformation of starch structures, and carbohydrate reduction. These results suggested that the "arrowroot kefir flours" open a new perspective for introduction in the market as a new product that can be used as food in nature or food ingredient for making bread, biscuits, pasta, and others, showing microbiological safety and functions properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The fermented flours present improved nutritional characteristics due to the fermentation process, such as higher antioxidant activity and protein levels. Regarding the population growth and societal demand for healthier food, one possibility is to provide a fermented flour with added nutritional value and raise knowledge about the arrowroot. Thus, these flours can be used in various food items or as an ingredient in food preparations for consumers that desire a healthy diet.

Potential use of Schumannianthus dichotomus waste: the phytotoxic activity of the waste and its identified compounds.

The phytotoxic potential of the leaves and twigs of Schumannianthus dichotomus, discarded in the mat-making industry against four test plants (lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), foxtail fescue (Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.)) was investigated and found strong phytotoxic activity. An assay-guided fractionation of S. dichotomus extarcts against cress (Lepidium sativum L.) through a series of column chromatography steps yielded two compounds, 8-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl) octanoic acid (ODFO) and (E)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylocta-2,7-dienoic acid (8-carboxylinalool). ODFO and 8-carboxylinalool showed strong phytotoxic activity against cress and timothy. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition (I50 value) of the seedlings of cress and timothy were 111.94-128.01 and 36.30-91.75 µM, respectively, for ODFO, but the values were much higher at 315.98-379.13 and 107.92-148.41 µM, respectively, for 8-carboxylinalool, indicating the stronger phytotoxic activity of ODFO. This study is the first to isolate ODFO and 8-carboxylinalool from S. dichotomus and their phytotoxic potential while ODFO is firstly encountered from any natural source. The growth inhibitory activity of the identified compounds may explain their role in the phytotoxic activity of S. dichotomus, which suggests the possible use of its leaves and twigs or its active constituents as natural bioherbicides.

Rice intercropping with alligator flag (Thalia dealbata): A novel model to produce safe cereal grains while remediating cadmium contaminated paddy soil.

Phytoremediation has been employed as a cost-effective technique to remove the cadmium (Cd) from soil and water in several ecosystems. However, little is known about whether intercropping the remediating plants with rice (Oryza sativa) crop could reduce Cd accumulation in rice grains. We conducted greenhouse pot and concrete pond trials to explore the effects of intercropping alligator flag (Thalia dealbata, Marantaceae) on soil Cd remediation, paddy soil and microbial properties, and rice production. Our results suggest that intercropping with alligator flag significantly decreased Cd absorption, transportation, and accumulation from the soil to the rice grains (under 0.2 mg kg-1 at a soil Cd content below 2.50 mg kg-1). This decrease was due to the lowered Cd availability and higher soil pH in the rice-alligator flag intercropping system. Although planting alligator flag resulted in the reduction of soil NH4-N and NO3-N, Cd content in the rhizosphere was the main factor restricting microbial biomass, species, and community composition. Alligator flag could tolerate higher Cd contamination, and accumulate and stabilize more Cd in its tissues than rice. Our study suggests that alligator flag intercropped with rice has potential as a phytostabilization plant to produce rice safely for human consumption in moderately Cd-contaminated soils.

Characteristics of low-fat mayonnaise using different modified arrowroot starches as fat replacer.

Modified arrowroot starch was investigated as a fat replacer in mayonnaise. Arrowroot starch was modified by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA), annealing (ANN), citric acid hydrolysis (CA), acetylation (ACT) and heat-moisture treatment (HMT). The different starch pastes were used to replace mayonnaise fat at levels of 30% and 50%. Color, viscoelastic properties, and emulsion stability of the fat-reduced mayonnaises and full-fat (FF) version were evaluated, according to the type of modified starch and fat replacement ratio. Physicochemical, thermal, and pasting properties of all starch types differed due to the modification method. Shear stress of mayonnaise was fitted to the Casson and Herschel-Bulkley model, respectively. As partial fat replacers, ANN-modified starch and OSA-starch at 30%, and CA-starch at 30% and 50% showed high yield stress. The elastic moduli (G') of fat-reduced mayonnaises were lower than FF, but mayonnaise with ANN, OSA, and CA showed higher G' than other modified starches. Fat-reduced mayonnaises displayed higher emulsion stability than the FF, especially those with ANN-modified starch, OSA-starch, and CA-starch. In principal component (PC) analysis, groups with high and low emulsion stability were divided by PC1. Overall, ANN-, OSA-, and CA-modified starches were identified as suitable fat replacers in mayonnaise.

Improvement of texture properties and syneresis of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) starch gels by using hydrocolloids (guar gum and xanthan gum).

BACKGROUND: The incorporation of hydrocolloids into starch dispersions modifies their techno-functional properties, such as gelatinization, retrogradation, syneresis, and texture, among others. Their main function is to improve these properties and to promote greater stability of starch gels. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding colloids (guar gum and xanthan gum) on the texture properties (hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness, and gumminess) and syneresis of the starch gels made from the common variety of arrowroot. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression were carried out to analyze the effects of the treatments and variables with their respective interactions. RESULTS: The addition of guar gum and xanthan gum influenced the stability of the starch gels studied, and it was capable of reducing syneresis even at low concentrations, with a greater effect for xanthan gum. Both gums were capable of inhibiting syneresis at concentrations above 0.5%, throughout the storage time studied (5 days). The addition of these hydrocolloids was also shown to influence the following texture parameters: hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess, but showed no effect on gel elasticity. CONCLUSION: The addition of hydrocolloids was shown to be an alternative way of increasing the stability and enhancing the textural properties of the starch gels in arrowroot. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.